Transition from Print Media to New Media Essay Example for Free

Transition from Print Media to New Media Essay New media has emerged from the print media. But its target audience is different from that of print media. Today, we have young readers getting attracted towards new media. This is because they feel that they really don’t need to waste their time reading when they could easily see or watch whatever they want to with audio and video, now a days the younger generation has gained a presence for it due to advances in technology and just reading a book for â€Å"fun† has started to become something of the past. The first news websites were launched by media houses around 1986. But, as you have already studied, these web editions were simply replicas of the respective print editions. The function of these websites was nothing more than generating awareness about the existence of these media houses. The actual transition in India happened after 1996 when several independent media houses tried to bring out a news website. But after 2000, most of the independent media organizations along with their websites closed down. That was the time when the phenomenon of convergence became popular. Convergence means the coming together of different forms of mass media. Ever since the first murmurs of electronic media, print media has always felt an undue threat, first from the radio and then from television. And now the Internet is seemingly up against the vast and widely spread print media. When the radio came in the early 1930s, everybody felt that newspapers would become obsolete. When television came in the 1950s, people and even experts felt that nobody would get the time for or feel the attraction of the written word. But everyone was wrong. Each media has managed to create its own time and space across cultures and around the world. However, the print media too, be it the newspapers or books, has been able to hold its own. Consider this – the circulation figures of major newspapers around the world have only increased over the years; publishers too come up with a deluge of books and new magazine titles pop up from nowhere every day. Alternatively, there are thousands of TV channels, even more radio stations, and the infinite Internet. In this deluge of information, where every media is fighting for attention, who wins? Nobody actually. Thanks to the distinct features, the ease of use and the reach of every media, they all have managed to create a specific target audience or readership for themselves. There is a little bit of appeal for everyone in every media. Information, knowledge, entertainment, fun, and serious business – all these things can be found in every media now. Now it is only left to the audience to choose what suits them. There lies the competition, which nobody has won yet. And nobody might ever win it completely ever. It’s true we are bombarded by images and sounds from various electronic media, which has shortened our attention spans. This quick deluge of information suits many of us who are hard pressed for time and because of this very few people get the time to read. Everyone wants content in a flash. The Internet has proved to be the most effective media here, where knowledge is literally at your fingertips. You type in what you want, and you get the results in milliseconds – in whatever form you want. There are now online editions of most standard newspapers. This is also the reason you have ebooks now. But how many people have access to the Internet? 10 percent of the population in India and just 8 percent over the world. Where do the rest of the 90 percent go? They turn to newspapers, the TV or radio. But, it is only a matter of time till the fast-spreading Internet is accessible to the rest of the people and a majority will look to it for most of their needs. So in such a scenario, is it just the print media that is dying? Is it not TV and radio too? Although, it is the print media which seems endangered, it is a fact that the success of any media tells upon another media. It is only a tug of war going among these, where the centre gets oscillated between the ends. Each has been devising ways to deal with the plus points of the other. TV is getting interactive, radio is getting gripping, newspapers and books are trying to get more attractive with the incorporation of visuals and graphics and interactivity to some extent, and all of them together are going online. Adaptability is crucial for existence. The bottom-line is if the print media continues to adapt to the changing media habits of people and corner its target readers well, it will survive. And it ought to do that for its good. Somehow, there is a feeling that even if it fails in that, the power of the written word will always be supreme. So while traditional media’s old channels – print and broadcast – are floundering, their online properties are thriving. In fact, I’d argue that the influence of traditional media outlets like theNew York Times and CNN are greater than ever. The internet and social networking sites have given traditional media outlets an audience beyond their once limited geographies. For example, take the Boston Globe. By all rights the Boston Globe’s circulation is in free fall. New England’s largest daily newspapers once bragged about a circulation of more than 700,000 and now finds itself below 300,000. There is little doubt that the print product for the Boston Globe is heading to obsolescence. But look at its other â€Å"new† delivery channels: * Boston.com receives an average of 4.2 million unique views per month in 2010. More than 5.500 other sites link to its content * The Boston Globe has more than a dozen Twitter channels – from books and movies to the Bruins and local news – that is followed by tens of thousands of people * The Boston Globe Facebook page has more than 6,500 people liking it The Boston Globe is also providing video and audio content. It even has a free smart phone application. Their audience is actually greater now than it has ever been. These new channels will continue to grow. So while traditional outlets are still struggling to fully monetize these new channels – they have jumped into online and social channels in a big way. People are getting their news on different channels (and in different formats), but they are still relying on traditional media outlets to deliver it to them. Traditional media – new and old alike – are reinventing journalism and news delivery. Don’t forget that. Media outlets still pack an enormous audience and have an even greater ability to influence people – from what books to read to what products to buy. Media relations isn’t dying – it’s just moving online and onto social networks. The media industry has always adapted to meet the changing needs of advertisers and to incorporate new technologies into their service and product offerings. Over the last two decades this industry has changed at a breakneck pace that is no longer a series of adjustments but a wholesale evolution of the industry. New media have entered the arena while others have been forced to evolve to avoid becoming obsolete. These changes have been driven by advancements in technology, consumer media usage and the almighty dollar. Perhaps no media has been more challenged by these changes than print. While print media has been the hardest hit, talk of its extinction is premature and ignores the fact that it has and continues to play a significant role in consumer marketing. Print media is here to stay but its form and role will never be the same again. Like all media forms, print has evolved over time and has been undergoing a period of considerable change that began prior to the recent recession. Newspaper ad revenues have been experiencing significant decline since 2001 while penetration has been declining in many key segments since the early 1970’s (see chart). This decline has been less pronounced with readers age 55+. As more tech-savvy baby boomers reach retirement, the decline seen in younger segments will likely be matched by the older segments. In order to combat the decline in all age groups, print media has diversified their offerings and taken steps to acquire new readers while cutting costs. Nearly all newspaper and magazine publishers have added complementary websites to their offering. In an effort to attract younger readers major publishers such as the Tribune and Sun-Times Media Group launched free circulation newspapers geared towards their target audience. Magazines such as Road Track and Sports Illustrated have provided unsolicited free 6 month subscriptions followed by a renewal subscription contact strategy thereby providing a free trail. In an effort to cut costs, some publications have abandoned long standing formats. On February 8th 2010 the Chicago Tribune trimmed its traditional broadsheet format to reduce costs and changed their editorial ratio as part of their bankruptcy agreement. As print revenues continue to decline profits are improving and should it be determined that these acquisition efforts and format changes played a key role, it is likely that other publications around the country will follow. Online advertising has benefited from regular techn ological advances and has become a mainstream advertising medium now representing 12% of total ad spending compared to 34.6% for print. [1] The explosive growth of online advertising has tapered off and for the first time experienced negative growth in the first quarter of 2009. Internet advertising spend grew 37.5% between 2005 and 2008 while print declined 29.9% over the same period.[2] However, the decline of print has not been made up by growth in online advertising. Changes in the media industry have impacted the two primary components of print media in different ways. For a long time, newspapers enjoyed the highest penetration levels of any media. This began to change with the introduction of television and its increased usage. Over the past two decades this evolution has been most impacted by a culture that thrives in convenience and demands their information in â€Å"real-time†. These have never been the strengths of print but proclamations that print is dead ignore prints strengths. These strengths have begun to show their worth as online advertising has failed to carry the same perceived value that even the wounded print industry maintains to this day. The very nature of the internet makes it impossible to completely replace print media. Print retains characteristics not replicable through vehicles: browsability, credibility, tangibility, size, inserts, ad impact, ad content, and usability. Print will have to redefine its niche, purpose and approach, but it has been a proven vehicle for marketing communication and the differentiating strengths it retains will help it survive. The internet has only partially succeeded at supplanting print as a news source. Journalism has been supplanted, in part, by blogs, and independent sources that lack both the clout and professional reputation of long standing institution such as the Wall Street Journal. Advertisers also have a vested interest in seeing print survive. The ability to reach large numbers of baby boomers and older consumers, with their considerable spending power through a tangible vehicle, will help support print through this transition period. There is no doubt media is undergoing a metamorphosis. For print, this future is unclear but the overall demise of print media is grossly exaggerated. Print is undoubtedly undergoing a significant change, one that will redefine its niche and better position it for the future. Media has always adapted to the needs and desires of its consumers and advertisers and this change is no different. Only time will tell the fate of print, but that fate is far from decided.

How does Golding convey Jack’s regression to a more savage state? :: English Literature

How does Golding convey Jack’s regression to a more savage state? William Golding conveys Jack’s regression to a more savage state in many different ways. One of the ways in which he does this is by using the setting. The fact that wild plants and creepers are growing almost everywhere around Jack is a typical stereotype of primitive land. Jack did not seem to be trying to avoid them, which could suggest that he has already started getting used to them, as a savage or primitive being would be. Also, Jack had not planned the way that he was going to take when travelling through the forest; instead, he just followed faint trails and hoped they would lead him to what he wanted. By doing this, he was already thinking like a savage. Jack seemed to have a very close connection with the forest that he was hunting in. With only small signs, he was able to realise that the forest was inhabited as other creatures, creatures that he was trying to hunt. Also, Golding describes the forest like he describes Jack, for example when he says ‘the forest and he were very still’. This emphasises the close connection between the two. Another way in which the author conveys Jack’s regression to a more savage state is by making him seem more animal like. Savages are thought of more as animals than people, therefore the animal-like description is very effective to show Jack returning to his savage roots. When searching for prey, he was described as a dog in more than one way, ‘his nose was only a few inches from the humid earth’, just like a dog or wolf hunts, and ‘dog-like, he was uncomfortable on all fours’. There were also some more subtle ways in which he was indirectly compared to animals that were savage-like. He was becoming hairier than he was before, just like an ape. This suggests the reversal of evolution. Also, he was almost naked, apart from his knife belt. This much like a savage or animal, but the fact that he was not at all embarrassed by this was even more significant. In our modern day world, walking around naked would be thought of as a taboo and is even illegal in a lot of places, but in the time that savages were around, it was very common for them to walk around wearing close to nothing. This is exactly the state of mind that Jack wants to revert to in order to hunt like a savage. Jack was also starting to use his senses more effectively like animals. ‘His nostrils flared’.

Autocratic Leadership

1. Nowadays there are several leadership styles being employed to run the organization in order to achieve the goals. One of the leadership styles that being used is autocratic style, which tell people what to do. The autocratic leadership style is always defined as excessively demanding with basically a one-way of communication. The leader will have the legitimate power to coerce subordinates to accomplish the mission. Decision-making comes from only leader and is not shared. Nevertheless, authoritarian can be useful in the under pressure situation. Leaders sometimes have to utilize this type of leadership to achieve their goals. This essay will argue that autocratic leaders are not always ineffective. This will be argued by some examples and reasons why autocratic leaders could bring about the benefit to the business and military organizations. 2. Autocratic leadership style is to put pressure on the employees or subordinates. However, in the workplace or military organization, some scenarios may require for prompt action. In these circumstances, an autocratic style of leadership can be the best style to adopt. Surprisingly, many employees have been working with an authoritarian and have a few issues to familiar with that style. One of a good example of an autocratic leader is Martha Stewart. She built her empire with personal attention to every detail. Whether people admire Martha Stewart or not, she never strays away from being careful and demanding. She's very successful in her endeavors, and often uses an autocratic management style. Many critics might argue that it was her autocratic leadership style that made her a success in the entertainment industry, which is an extremely competitive environment. Others might argue that even more success might have awaited her had she not relied so heavily on such a demanding and potentially damaging style. 3. Another circumstance where autocratic leadership can employ appropriately is while doing the projects in group. Many group projects seem to be failure because group members express their own decisions and lead to conflict. In such circumstance may need an authoritarian who can make and determine decisions for the group. The leader should seek the solution in which method the project can be done, delegate the task among the members, and make sure set the time for completion of the task. Steve Jobs, for instance, who is one of the successful autocratic leaders. He seems to be very authoritative. His decisions were made with slight consultation, and his decisions were made faster making him to react to changing in tendency of the business environment more quickly. The Environmental challenges which includes facing their rivals such as Microsoft. 4. In conclusion, some people argue that autocratic leadership style can never lead to success, but what it can achieve is to assist the process and run it into being a completion. Autocratic styles of leadership are becoming less and less applicable but there are still many contexts in which they work. During the first stage of Entrepreneurial organizations will rely on this type of leadership in order to make a decisive decisions and effective. However, it can be recommended that if leader utilize autocratic leadership should apply it wisely. Otherwise, it will be getting worse if use it in a wrong way.

The Construction Of The Modern World - 2135 Words

The construction of the modern world can be attributed to several factors over the past hundred years. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in our history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. There were numerous signs economic and socio-economic changes that exhibited unprecedented and sustained growth by new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes. This sustained growth was attained mostly through the innovation and industrialization of ‘technological’ modernization as it set forth the foundation to the continuation and growth of newer processes. Robert Pool, the author of Beyond Engineering, How society Shapes Technology, examines how society has shaped technology – divergent to†¦show more content†¦But for better or for worse, technology has reached the point of where no individual can understand completely how, say a, petrochemical plant works, and no team of experts can anticipate every possible outcome once a technology is put to world† (Pool, 9). Technology since the industrial revolution has become increasingly complex. The impact during technological growth is unknown culturally even to a scientist. The industrialization era has launched an expansive technological evolution; the diversification and implementation of technology has caused rapid transformation of our societal culture. Two decades ago, you would have had to write a letter to communicate with others who live far away. If you missed an episode of your favorite show, you would have had to wait for reruns; and for updates on the news you would have to pick up a newspaper. These are but a few ways the Internet has changed human experience thus transitioning us to our modern world. It was the introduction of technology in use of the Internet platform during this century that has led to a new mode of human existence. In Lee Siegels, Against the Machine: Being Human in the Age of the Electric Mob, he writes â€Å"the Internet is possibly the most radical transformation of private and public life in the history of humankind† (Siegel, 40). The development of the industrial revolution with regard to technological changes has led to transform our

Sexual Sexuality And Sexual Practices - 933 Words

Sexual Normalcy Sexuality and sexual practices play a crucial part in how one defines oneself. The moral struggle between sinful or normal has a dramatic effect on how one views themselves, and one is perceived. When we can gain knowledge of how people process their own attitudes towards sexuality we can learn more about how humans tick. RUBIN’S RESEARCH Rubin’s prior research on the normality of certain sexual practices were the basis of this study. Rubin developed a sexual hierarchy where at the top were â€Å"good/normal† practices emphasizing monogamy and heterosexuality. While at the bottom were the â€Å"bad/abnormal† practices involving homosexuality, fetishism etc. Their research also looked at the heavy social influence on human sexuality. Rubin grouped western nations into 4 separate â€Å"sexual regimes†, the two mentioned in this study are The Sexually Conservative Cluster and the Homosexual Permissiveness cluster. PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESES The purpose of this study was to investigate Rubin s sexual hierarchy using a tailored behavior inventory in which participants indicated their perceptions of normality and abnormality about a wide range of sexual behaviors. There were 5 clearly defined hypotheses in this study. Hypothesis 1: Males participants would be more likely to perceive sexual practices as normal. Hypothesis 2: all participants would perceive a greater number of the sexual practices as normal when performed by a male actor versus a female actor Hypothesis 3:Show MoreRelatedGlobalization And Sexuality1247 Words   |  5 Pagescharacters. Sexuality refers to how people relate to sexual activities or perceive sexual matters. Sexuality may differ from one culture to the other, but the cultures are likely to influence each other’s sexual beliefs and orientation. Globalization has had an extensive influence on the changes witnessed in sexuality across the globe. It is through globalization that sexual purposes have gotten new meanings. Some of the topics which come up as a link between globalization and sexuality are sexual traffickingRead MoreSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy,1600 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy, particularly in reference to which approach should be taken, what topics should be raised and at what age children should be begin to learn about sexual development and sexuality. Previously, sex education has focused on the biological development of humans however in recent years programs have shifted towards integration of sexuality and sexual health promotion in response to sexual development withinRead MoreSexuality Within The Older Population1475 Words   |  6 Pages Sexuality within the Older Population Jonelle S. Allen LaSalle University Introduction Sexuality is an important core dimension of life that incorporates beliefs, cultures, rituals, attitudes, values, intimacy and pleasure. The expression of sexuality along with the desire for intimacy can be very complex especially for the older adult. Sexual dysfunction among older men and women commonly increases with age along withRead MoreIs Human Sexuality The Result Of Nature Or Nurture?1153 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction To Human Behaviour: †¨18435577†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ To what extent is human sexuality the result of nature or nurture?†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ The nature and nurture of the human sexuality has been a debate argued among researchers and scientists. With regards to human sexuality, both nature and nurture become an integral factor in making the sexual beings that we eventually get to be. From our hereditary inclinations to how our associates influence our advancement, our childhoods have a tendency to be one long trek intoRead MoreSexuality Is Defined By Sexual Orientation1538 Words   |  7 PagesSexuality is defined by â€Å"sexual orientation or preference† as well as the ability to understand the capacity of sexual desires. Same sex sexuality refers to sexual orientation also, but one’s preference towards someone of their same gender and the â€Å"erotic thoughts, feelings and behaviours† they assign to those of the same sex. Culturally, same sex sexuality is not always based on sexual ideals, acts that could be defined as being homosexual and appealing to those with same sex sexuality, oftenRead MoreSexuality, Sexuality And Sexual Orientation1111 Words   |  5 PagesDate: 5/5/15 Human Sexuality Sexuality is something that seems to dominate a lot of the world we live in. It’s in our schools, at work, and especially in the mass media. The way your body develops and the way you feel and respond to others sexually creates your sexuality (â€Å"Sexuality and Sexual Orientation†, Youthoria). It can shape and affect people’s lives as well as our own. Sexuality can be influenced by culture, religion, media, friends and experiences. Some people are very sexual, while others experienceRead MoreAn Individual’S Sexual Curiosity In And Enticement To Other1095 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual’s sexual curiosity in and enticement to other individuals; having stimulating feelings and experiences, speak to human sexuality. Different from sexuality, biological sex is classified through genetics, anatomy, hormones and physiology; female or male. An individual s intelligence of their own gender refers to gender identity or sociocultural classification, which is also set apart from sexuality; however, it is constructed on biological sex and shapes sexual orientation. Sexuality is practicedRead MoreThe Theory Of Sexual Liberation1644 Words   |  7 Pages in that there is more open attitudes to diverse sexualities and certain sexual acts are no longer seen as taboo/perverse. It is seen that we are now free to choose and explore these sexualities. However monogamous heterosexual relationships are still seen as what is â€Å"normal† in society therefore if British society claims to be sexually liberated why is what is seen as traditional still the most common type of relationship? This theory of sexual liberation is favoured by Giddens (1992) who seesRead MoreSexuality And Its Impact On Our Values And Experience Taught By Alfred C. Kinsey1649 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding our very own sexuality. Based upon our values and experience taught they are some of the determination factors that lead us to decide who we are attracted to in terms of gender. In today’s world there is variability in sexuality that has allowed people to accept it as a moral behavior. Yet they are people of religious faith who see sexuality on a whole another scale that is based on the ideas of heteronormativity and the rejection of what society see same sex practices. For me I internalizedRead MoreThe Cultural Matrix And Gender Identity1506 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"intelligible† genders [as] those which in some sense institute and maintain relations of coherence and continuity among sex, gender, sexual practice, and desire (p. 23).† That is, legitimate persons a re those whose gender matches their sex within heterosexual engagements. However, all persons should be intelligible. It is through the cultural matrix, of the cultural practices and political actions, that such normativity of intelligible identities is maintained. Furthermore, Butler (1999) affirmed this

Justice vs Revenge - 1325 Words

Justice is part of revenge; as also for revenge is part of justice. â€Å"Justice† comes from a Latin word that means â€Å"straight, fair, equal†, it’s the quality of being righteous and loyal towards one’s state, although serves the interests of the stronger (Hourani, 1962), while revenge is the act of taking retaliation for injuries or wrongs. What ever the circumstances are being the individual who experiences a unjust act, results in the hunt for one of these two things: Justice or revenge. What are the key differences between the two? Justice can be defined as the concept of moral rightness, which is based on the rules of law, fairness, ethics, and equality among the governed citizens. Revenge, on the other hand, refers to an action taken by†¦show more content†¦In ancient history or stories, children would avenge their parents’ death. In contrast, Jon Elster made clear that revenge is evil (1990). But is there any difference when we hand the murderers to be dealt with (to face a death penalty)? As mentioned by Thane Rosenbaum, â€Å"Governments warn citizens not to take justice into their own hands†, commenting on his words- isn’t â€Å"justice† here, in the hands of citizens, as same as â€Å"justice† within governments power (2011)? If you think that justice has more fairness, it’s not quite so. Revenge can sometimes be fair if we do the maths- do an equal amount of retaliation. Consider the scenario of the movie â€Å"12 Angry Men†, eleven jurors vote in favor of convicting the accused without even discussing a single shred of evidence that was presented at the trial. In the movie, if Henry Fonda wasn’t part of the jury, the boy would have been declared guilty and would have died (1957). However, Fonda decided to continue investigating and finally got to the bottom of the mystery. The boy was declared not guilty, but neither the play nor the movie tells us whether they saved an innocent man from death or whether they let a guilty man walk free. The movie emphasizes how important our judicial system is, and how much responsibility we have as citizens to become a jury of our peers and not rush into judgment, because as seen in the movie, jurors judged the accused based on their personal lifeShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Justice In Death And The Maiden1032 Words   |  5 PagesWhat if Romeo did not seek revenge for Mercutio’s death? Imagine a scenario where he instead sought for justice. Would the chaos be unleashed in the boulevards of Verona? In the play Death and the Maiden, Ariel Dorfman explores the idea of justice vs. revenge through a woman who wants to punish the man who drove her to this state of insanity while her husband Gerardo prevents her as he believes no one is above the law even her. In the meantime, the country of Chile was undergoing the process of truthRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pages Actions speak louder than words. So in Hamlet written by Shakespeare there is a lot of dichotomy between words vs. actions. The basic idea of dichotomy is the difference between to similar ideas or actions. In the play Hamlet there are two ideas that are butting heads. These would be words vs. actions. In the play there is a lot of talking and saying stuff about other people and there is actions to be followed by the words that wer e said. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Integral Role Sentencing Plays in the Criminal Justice Process904 Words   |  4 PagesSentencing Plays In the Criminal Justice Process There are four philosophies that are considered when it comes to the sentencing of a criminal. These philosophies are: Retribution- Retribution is a philosophy that a wrong doer who has freely chosen to violate society’s rules must be punished. Retribution relies on the principal of â€Å"just deserts†, this holds that the severity of the punishment hold to the severity of the crime. This philosophy is not the same as revenge because retribution is moreRead MoreThe Revengers Tragedy Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pagesplaywright Cyril Tourneur, is a rich and compelling theatric play which functions as a social commentary for the Jacobean period when it was written. Themes such as the immorality and fickleness of women, and the subversion of personal justice over public justice serve as a multifaceted reflection of society’s values during that iniquitous era. These key ideas help secure this tragedy as a classic which has lasted throughout the ages, due to its constant relevance and engaging thematic values. Read MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe926 Words   |  4 Pagesstory about guilty conscience. The central character, Montresor, has been insulted by his rival, Fortunato, and vows revenge. He plans to entomb Fortunato in the catacombs below his house, and he establishes a set of guidelines for a successful revenge. As the plan progresses, however, Montresor loses his determination. Though Montresor does entomb Fortunato, he cannot savor the revenge because a guilty conscience consumes him for the next fifty years. Poe, a master of human nature, suggests with hisRead MoreSocial Justice Laws845 Words   |  4 PagesJustice Every action or decision we make is either justifiable or unjustifiable. Justice is usually decided by society or the norm. The norm changes from one society to another. However, there are always laws that can be broken, consequences that must follow, and punishment that must be imparted. Justice can be seen in two different ways, social and criminal. Justice is in the eye of the beholder because we all have different attitudes about right and wrong. Criminal justice is a termRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet1083 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet Sr and Gertrude. Disgusted by his mother’s marriage to his uncle, Claudius. He is profoundly reflective, but at times acts rashly (likely the result of the rage and grief that consumes him thanks to the circumstances). Has a desire to bring justice to those that have done him wrong. Claudius (Antagonist): Hamlet’s uncle and stepfather. Marries Queen Gertrude after murdering his brother, to Hamlet’s disgust. Hungry for power, Claudius’s actions portray questionable morals, but he shows signsRead MoreHamlet Is Notorious For Its Critical Theme Of Revenge1042 Words   |  5 Pages Suchit 1 Ms. Ward ENG 4U 28 July 2017 Hamlet Essay Analysis Shakespeare’s Hamlet is infamous for its critical theme of revenge. However, the constant conflict between action vs inaction insinuates a deeper concern. For starters, Prince Hamlet frequently creates excuses to delay his father s revenge. He is always thinking of the consequences that may result if he proceeds with his treason instead of avenging his father. On the contrary, Laertes is quick toRead MoreEssay Justice841 Words   |  4 Pages Justice nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Every action or decision we make is either justifiable or unjustifiable. Justice is usually decided by society or the quot;norm.quot; The quot;normquot; changes from one society to another. However, there are always laws that can be broken, consequences that must follow, and punishment that must be imparted. Justice can be seen in two different ways, social and criminal. Justice is in the eye of the beholder because we all have different attitudes aboutRead MoreJudge Jury, And Executioner Is A Revenge Thriller1616 Words   |  7 Pages JUDGE, JURY, AND EXECUTIONER is a revenge thriller. The story centers on a grieving detective and her investigation of a young woman’s murder. The script is driven by the theme of justice. 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World Bank free essay sample

And then, critics argue the bank’s members are unaccountable. â€Å"In April 2010, Management presented a set of operational and institutional reforms aimed to enhance the overall effectiveness, efficiency, legitimacy, and accountability of the WBG† (WB, 2010). Some of these reform areas have direct implications on the governance of the institution, from the perspective of Board / Management relations, institutional accountability, and relations with external stakeholders. AS a result the Bank uses the methods to solve the current problems, such as reforming the voting system and presidential selection and makes the bank’s accountability. B. Governance: â€Å"Since the World Bank was established over 60 years ago, its role in supporting economic and social development has expanded and deepened with changes in the global context and the evolution in the financial architecture†(Jeff, 2007). The focus on strengthening internal governance systems and structures is driven by external and internal forces. There is little of bank basic structure has been altered, even though the World Bank’s members have been changed considerably. We will write a custom essay sample on World Bank or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The main problem of the World Bank’s governance is that developing country has weak link with bank’s decision making process, because they do not have their own executive director. â€Å"The World Bank’s internal governance mechanisms reflect the political and power relation which dominated World Bank’s politics in the decades following World War II. The five large shareholders in the Bank is the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France which maintain more than two-thirds of the voting power, effectively ensuring that decision reflect the policy views of America and western Europe†(Leech, D. 2003)). Developing countries influence on the Board of Executive Directors is limited. â€Å"The remaining 16 Board seats are split among 177† (Leech, D. (2003), this has the consist with large number of individual countries. People suggest two ways: one is reforming current voting system, and another is selecting the bank’s pr esident. 1. Reforming voting system: Many people argue the bank’s current voting system. When the executive board makes decision about loan or other policies, voting is not based on one vote per country rule. Voting power is weighted and is based on a country’s quota†(Leech, D. (2003). Under the current quota, â€Å"each country has base of 150 votes, the country which has good economic can add votes, it means one additional vote for each share of stock held by that country, which depend on that country’s relative economic and financial strength†(Daniel Kalinaki, 2002). For example, United State is a large shareholder, and it holds 16. 4% votes (see table below). Member of the country that holds large shares has more power than the poor country during decision making process. Unfortunately, the developing countries need more loans, but they have the least amount of voting power to make loan decision. The quota system dictates that a handful of developed countries hold a majority of shares, these members are able to dominate the bank’s decision making process. Table: Voting Weights and Voting Powers in the Governors Member countries have suggested proposal for reforming the voting system to Increase representation of the borrowing countries. Double majority voting is one reform that may enhance developing countries’ participation. Under this system, decision would require to pass by two majorities that are majority of shareholder votes and majority of developing countries votes†(World Bank Group, 2003). This would give developing countries more opportunities to say what they want to say, because decision would not pass without support with a majority. And this system also allows the industrialized donor countries and the developing reci pient countries to assert their claims. 2. Selection of the World Bank President The selection of president is another argument relating to bank governance. The board of governors selects the president for a five year, renewable term†( Jeff powell, 2007). According the bank’s Article of Agreement state: â€Å"Executive Directors shall select a president who shall be chief of operating staff of the bank and shall conduct, under the direction of the Executive Directors, the ordinary business of the bank†(World Bank Group, 2003), â€Å"the Board of Executive Directors selects the President, in practice the head of the Bank is selected by the United States while the head of the IMF is selected by Europe†( David Theis, 2010). This gentlemans agreement between the US and Europe reduces the legitimacy and credibility of the World Bank. No clear procedures exists for ensuring the qualifications of a candidate, nor does a process exist for other member states to review and question appointments. The World Bank President should be selected through an open and transparent process. Now, many people and the global expert and world bank employees disagree the way the president choice and argue that the selection process should be a democratic, not only focuses on one country. They think that United States is no longer valid to be president because the united state account for 16% of the world bank’s share now, it does not play a dominate role in world bank. It is also unfair that united state hold a monopoly over the World Bank’s leadership. Many people give the advice to the World Bank for changing in the selection process. The one way they support is selecting process should be open and based on merit. They believe that opening up the selection process will ensue among qualified candidates’ and it also like a competition, which help the World Bank to get qualify president. The way is simulate new voting system. The new president should pass double majority. This means the president should be approved by a majority of the member countries and group of countries representing majority. This gives everyone opportunity to select who is the best president. The World Bank responses the working group and makes suggestion for selection process. The working group advice (1) the selection should oversee cannot focus on single country. (2) They should have a specific standard for choose candidates. (3) Every country has opportunity to provide candidates†(Daniel Kalinaki. 2002). The most important is candidate that was selected should have more experience and qualifications, and the selection process should be open and transparent. C. Accountability Critics argue that the Bank is u naccountable to its members, because they have charter which is immunity from lawsuits. The bank’s charter grants the bank immunity to the extent that member countries or persons who can not sue the bank about it do not follow its police. And it is fail to make it more accountable. Therefore, many people advice that the bank need to improve their accountable. If the bank cannot show their accountable, the member countries cannot trust what the bank does. As a result, the bank develop many horizontal accountability mechanisms which including the operation evaluation department, the department of institutional integrity. 1. Transparency While the Banks internal governance structures minimize the ability for developing countries to engage, the lack of transparency in decision making reduces the effectiveness of external stakeholders to engage in Bank affairs. The lack of Board transcripts leaves stakeholders with no way of knowing where individual Executive Directors stood on issues. This reduces their ability to effectively advocate their position. â€Å"In 1933, the Bank restricted public access to almost every type of document that related to bank’s project. Consequently, people do not know bank’s lending operation, nd they do not know where their money is going†(Jeff powell, (2007) Public scrutiny harm the bank’s decision making and effect its deliberation, the reason why they do is they think that the bank does not have the rights to disclose the documents. It is borrowing country’s property. When the number of public scrutiny and criticism increase, the bank attempts to increa se its transparency. The bank has expanded the information that allows public to access. As we can see, the bank uses its website to show public what it is doing and publish more research to people. The website that bank published shows the thing it will do, and annual report and presentation. The bank starts to improve transparency policy and create operations manual, and this change make the bank is more accountable to their member countries. It also creates many mechanisms to enhance horizontal accountability, which means department can check the abuses by other department. 2. Dual Feedback Performance Dual feedback performance is an important part to improve governance structure and accountability framework of WBG (World Bank Group). The feedback system is agreed by the executive directors, and it will be a part of WBG’s governance and accountability with next presidential selection round. The main object of Dual feedback performance is creating a dynamic relationship between Board and Management to improve in governance and effectiveness of the Board and president. A Committee on Governance and Administrative Matters (COGAM) Working Group composed of Board and Management representatives was established to work on developing a framework for the dual feedback performance of the Board and President. COGAM discussed a report from the Board members of the Working Group and endorsed the report as a significant input to continued work on the framework, which would be taken up by a renewed, integrated Board-Management Working Group in the next term of the Board† (World Bank Group, 2003). Dual feedback Performance can help each other to measure their performance and it can cause the governance of the bank mo re reliable. Each of department monitor other’s action and the bank will be dependable, because everyone is under the control, and there is less collusion between the departments. The Board and president wish to begin with a structured conversation on their respective effectiveness, measure against the institutional achievement as captured by the corporate scorecard. Conclusion: To improve the World Bank internal governance and ensuring the consistent with Department for International Development’s own objective, reform must take place at The Bank to achieve transparence and responsibility. An improved policy on information discloses would foster transparency and enables stakeholders to hold the Bank and their representatives to account. Improved selection procedures for the President alongside more equitable control among member states on the Board of Executive Directors would expand ownership of the organization to developing countries thereby increasing legitimacy and enhancing credibility and effectiveness and developing countries more opportunities to show their opinions. An improvement of Dual feedback performance helps the World Bank has more accountability to all departments; each of department can monitor each other and everything they is under the control.